Poverty, Deprivation and Informal Activity…
| The incidence of poverty, deprivation and informal activity (housing and industry) in urban areas at varying stages of development |
Factors Affecting The Patterns of Residential Areas…
| Factors affecting the pattern of residential areas within urban areas, including physical factors, land values, ethnicity and planning |
Factors Affecting the Patterns of Economic Activities…
| Factors affecting the pattern of urban economic activities (retail, commercial, industrial), including physical factors, land values, proximity to a central business district (CBD) and planning |
Characteristics of Urban Places…
Geophysical Hazard Adaptation…
Syllabus Point: Geophysical hazard adaptation through increased government planning (land use zoning) and personal resilience (increased preparedness, use of insurance and adoption of new technology)
Starter: Watch the below and make a list of how an idividual can help increased their preparedness…
So What is Preparedness…?
It is a set of measures taken at the individual, organisational and societal level to minimise the effects of a Hazard Event. Preparedness measures can range from securing heavy objects, structural modifications and storing supplies, to having insurance, an emergency kit, and evacuation plans. (source: wikipedia)
Main Development:
Task 1: Government Planning – Landuse Zoning:
What is it?
Landuse Zoninbg is an important aspcet of geophysical hazard adapatation. Different land uses may be prevented from locations in a zone that is known to be at risk of a hazard. For example, densley populated buildings, hospitals, and fire services shouyld not be built close to the fault line or in areas at risk of landslides. Residents can be evacuated and an exclusion zone be formed, this happened in Montserrat in 1996. Building codes can be enforced to ensure that buildings are of an adequate standard…
Case Study example of Landuse Zoning…Christchurch, New Zealand
Use the following resources to answer the following investigative questions:
- What is the name of the Land use Zoning plan?
- How will it be implemented?
- What could be the impacts of the plan? (think pros and cons)
https://www.noted.co.nz/currently/social-issues/christchurchs-game-of-zones/
Task 2: : Personal resilience (increased preparedness, use of insurance and adoption of new technology)
We already know what preparedness is…
Insurance cover…
One method of preparedness is to take out insurance cover to against hazard events. However, some geophsyical hazard events are considered “acts of god” and so insurance cover is not availabe…
Research an insurance cover policy on the internet and find out the following information:
- What does the average policy cover?
- How much is the cost per year?
- What will the polciy not cover?
- What are the pros and cons of the polciy
You can use the below websites to carryout your research…
https://www.iii.org/article/earthquake-insurance-for-homeowners
New Technology…
Make notes on the following new technologies that can help preparedness from pgs. 202 – 206 from your course text book…
Slope Stabalization Methods…
- What do they help with (Earthquakes, Volcanoes or Landslides)
- Identify several methods
- Describe them in more detail
- Explain why they are useful in helping with preparedness
- Analyse the pros and cons to the methods
Building Design…
- What do they help with (Earthquakes, Volcanoes or Landslides)
- Identify several methods
- Describe them in more detail
- Explain why they are useful in helping with preparedness
- Analyse the pros and cons to the methods
Safe Houses…
- What do they help with (Earthquakes, Volcanoes or Landslides)
- Identify several methods
- Describe them in more detail
- Explain why they are useful in helping with preparedness
- Analyse the pros and cons to the methods
Mobile Phone and Computer technology…
- What do they help with (Earthquakes, Volcanoes or Landslides)
- Identify several methods
- Describe them in more detail
- Explain why they are useful in helping with preparedness
- Analyse the pros and cons to the methods
And finally comment on the Controlling of Earthquakes and Volcanoes (Pg.205 and 206)
- What technology is used to control the hazard events?
- Why are they effective methods?
Political, economic and cultural factors affecting the hosting of international sporting events,
Syllabus Point: Political, economic and cultural factors affecting the hosting of international sporting events, including Olympics and football World Cup events
Task: You need to produce a case study of costs and benefits for one country hosting an international event
Starter: Research the controversy around the awarding of the 2022 FIFA world cup to Qatar…
- Identify the issues surrounding the controversy…
- Explain the pros and cons of awarding the event to Qatar…
Main Development:
Case Study – The Costs and Benefits of hosting the Olympic Games in 2012 for London…
The pgs. you require from your course text book are 248 – 250.
Read the case study on London and work your way through the progressive tasks underneath…
Task1:
Take a photograph of Figure E 20. During and After: London’s 2012 legacy – with your device, print the image of the map for your work notes.
- Annotate the similarities and differences between the two maps
- Give somne comments on assessing the legacy of the facilities left after the event (think Social, Economical, Environmental and Political legacies)
Task 2:
Create a table like the one below identifying the pros and cons for London hosting the event…
Task 3:
Answer the following exam style questions to help summarise your case study:
Q. Comment on the costs and benefits of hosting an international event like the Olympics (2+2+2)
Follow up Creative Task – My own Olympic Bid…
In pairs you are to produce an Olymnpic Bid for the future games of 2032. Your pair can pick to be the following countries:
- Turkey
- Iran
- South Africa
The following tasks will help to formulate your bid for the Games. Remember – this will all be working towards understanding what the SEEP impacts of the games can be on a country.
Task 1: Create a country factfile providing the following:
Population size
GDP for 2018
Main resources available
Main industry of country
The religion of the country
Life expectancy
Literacy rate
Level Political stability
Climate conditions
Map with written description of location
Task 2: Create an initial mission statement in your pair of why your country wants the 2032 games. In this task you can:
- Research previous countries bids and see what their reasons were
- Are your countries reasons similar to theirs?
- What would the games do for natural environment? Your political environment? and social environment?
Come up with a statement that you can share with the group
Task 3: Factors affecting whether you can host the Games???
Produce a table below focusing on the political, cultural and economic factors that will affect whether or not you are viable to host the games or not…
Additionally, highlight the factors in a green if they are factors that will help you host the games and a red it its a factor that will go against you hosting the games…
Geographic factors affecting geophysical hazard event impacts, including location/time of day and degree of isolation…
Syllabus Point: Geographic factors affecting geophysical hazard event impacts, including rural/urban location, time of day and degree of isolation
Starter: Task 1 – Look at the below diagram. At which areas would you expect:
- The highest intensity of the earthquake – explain your response…
- The highest amount of damage – explain your response…
Main Development:
Use pgs.184 and 185 from your cousre text book to help you…
Task 2: Rural/Urban location…time of day…and degree of isolation
Your task is to produce an A3 advertisement for the IB on how the above factors can contribute to the impacts of a Geophysical Event. You must follow the below conditions when advertising to the IB:
- Use key terminology that the IB will understannd
- Provide visual as well as descriptive information (maps, data, diagrams)
- Provide comparisons between LICs,MICs and HICs
The following links can also help you with your advertisement…
www.ideo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/profiles
Plenary:
Share your advertisments with the class, highlighting the comparions you made…
The Role of TNCs in Expanding International Tourism…
Syllabus Point: The role of TNCs in expanding international tourism destinations, including the costs and benefits of TNC involvement for different stakeholders….
Starter: Who are stakeholder’s when TNCs are in involved in Tourism?
A stakeholder refers to a person with an interest in something. In this case, it means a person (or group of people) who are affected by TNCs in tourism.
Task 1: Create an A3 revision sheet on how TNCs have hevel helped to expand international tourism and the different stakeholders involved…Try to use information, examples and images in your revision sheet…
Table 1: The stakeholder table…
| Stakeholder | Possible costs of TNC involvement | Possible benefits of TNC involvement |
| Tourist | Lack of choice due to consolidation
Prices may be higher because of a lack of competition between TNCs |
Lower prices due to economies of scale
Confidence in brands Similar experience regardless of location Can speak their own language when on holiday |
| Tourism employee at destination | Can be offered little choice of job opportunities as TNCs are the only employer
Vulnerability: a decision to reduce investment can leave local people without work at short notice Leakage: much of the money spent by the tourist does not make its way to the destination but is instead repatriated back to the home country of the TNC |
Job opportunities
Possible training e.g. language skills International standards in terms of contracts (e.g. paid leave, fixed hours) |
| Local person (not employed in tourism) at destination | Loss of political power compared to the TNC due to the need to attract TNC investment
Loss of local culture due to foreign influences in language, food, architecture |
TNC investment can create cumulative causation (e.g. investment in local airport stimulates overall economy) |
| People interested in development and environmental issues | More people travelling further and for longer means more environmental damage e.g. carbon emissions from flights | TNCs are brand image conscious and often have sustainability policies and support charities (Thomas Cook, 2018b.) |
(Source of table: https://geographycasestudysite.wordpress.com/tncs-and-global-tourism)
How have TNCs affected international tourism?
TNCs such as Expedia and Priceline have affected international tourism by making it cheaper, simpler and more accessible.
Cheaper travel
International travel is cheaper partly because TNCs have an economy of scale. This means that as they become larger, they can save money. This can happen, for example, by having the same website to deal with several different countries and simply changing the language that appears on the screen. For example, Skyscanner enables over 60 million customers to view identical information in over thirty languages each month (Skyscanner, 2018), but it is the same website that is being accessed regardless of the country the person is in. Skyscanner further benefits from being based in China with offices in just ten cities: Barcelona, Beijing, Budapest, Edinburgh, Glasgow, London, Miami, Shenzhen, Singapore and Sofia (Skyscanner, 2018). This saves money because the TNC doesn’t need to have offices in every country it operates in.
TNCs also deliver cheaper costs to the consumer because they encourage competition. Through price-checking sites (such as Skyscanner, Kayak, Agoda, Booking.com and so on), people can easily compare the prices for flights and hotels.(source: https://geographycasestudysite.wordpress.com/tncs-and-global-tourism)
Simpler travel
TNCs have also made it simpler to be a tourist by offering package holidays. For example, Thomas Cook offers full package tours that include everything from the point of the airport departure all the way to the destination and back. By operating the travel agency in the country of origin, as well as the airlines and hotels in the destination, the difficulty of travelling is removed. The customer doesn’t need to speak the local language, or even convert money before arriving, because the travel company does everything for them.
Even if tourists do prefer to book their flights, accommodation and so on separately, the tourist can still have an easier experience by using a TNC for part of the booking. Groups such as Exodus and Intrepid are organisations that offer ‘local’ tours in different countries. These tours are sometimes offered as a package, but sometimes the tourist is still expected to purchase meals, drinks and excursions separately. However, the company offers the ‘bare bones’ of the tour (accommodation and transport) for the tourist. The tourist will have a similar experience regardless of the country they are in – from Cambodia to Canada – because the travel company offers tours in these different countries that operate to the same international standards.(source: https://geographycasestudysite.wordpress.com/tncs-and-global-tourism)
More accessible travel
Travel is also more accessible thanks to TNCs. By definition, international airlines are TNCs and they are constantly expanding. New and larger airports are being developed in most countries. International airlines are helping this process by moving to smaller ‘hub’ airports.
Historically larger airports, such as Heathrow in London and Chek Lap Kok in Hong Kong, were preferred by airlines because they offered passengers the ability to switch flights and thereby access more destinations. However, as the number of travellers has increased, it has become economical to operate from smaller airports with fewer destinations. Ryanair and Easyjet in Europe have been joined by airlines in other parts of the world such as Air Asia. These TNCs operate a simple flight schedule at low cost, often to and from small airports that mean it is easier for people to travel regardless of where they live. (source: https://geographycasestudysite.wordpress.com/tncs-and-global-tourism)
Horizontal versus vertical tourism integration
A major factor affecting TNCs in the travel industry is the nature of integration. This can be split into vertical integration and horizontal integration.
Vertical integration means that the same company owns each stage of the tourism. This would include the travel agent, the airline, the coach company (transferring tourists from the airport to the hotel), the hotel, and the tour guides. For many years, it was easier to make a profit by offering the full package tour because a small profit at each of these levels meant a larger profit at the end.
Horizontal integration means that a company owns several companies offering the same level of the tourism. For example, airlines are frequently owned by airline groups. The International Airlines Group owns Aer Lingus, British Airways, Iberia and Vueling airlines (IAG, 2018). This allows them to make a profit by combining parts of each business. For example, when purchasing new aeroplanes, they can negotiate a bigger discount by buying more planes at once. (source: https://geographycasestudysite.wordpress.com/tncs-and-global-tourism)
- Horizontal and vertical integration in the tourism industry. Source: By the author. (source: https://geographycasestudysite.wordpress.com/tncs-and-global-tourism)
Industry consolidation
Industry consolidation has occurred at both the vertical and horizontal levels. Many brands in travel – including airlines, hotel chains, travel agencies and so on – are actually owned and operated by the same parent company that most people have never heard of. For example, The Travel Corporation owns thirty tourism brands (Golan, 2016). Many of these TNCs are involved in buying their competitors to form larger travel companies. This is known as ‘industry consolidation’.
This has made it cheaper for tourists to travel. As a result of the lower costs, tourists now travel further, more frequently, and for longer. They have more confidence in travel because they trust the brands that offer a standardised service. Furthermore, large TNCs can divert more money to good causes, such as the The TreadRight Foundation which is supported by The Travel Corporation and has projects in over thirty countries (TreadRight, 2018).
However, critics argue that just a few companies control most of the branded travel opportunities, and that this can stifle competition. It can also mean that the TNCs are very powerful because they are in control of so much tourism, and this allows them to demand lower costs from their suppliers which harms local economies. (source: https://geographycasestudysite.wordpress.com/tncs-and-global-tourism)
Task 2: A case study TNC expanding international tourism…Ryanair
Watch the following documentary and fill in the case study sheet on the link below…
The role of the TNCs in expanding international tourism destinations – Ryanair Case Study…
Plenary…
Task 3: Answer questions 1-7 from your course text books on pg. 243:
Landslide Hazard Event in a HIC…Montroc Avalanche in Chamonix valley
Syllabus Point:
- Two contemporary contrasting case studies each for volcanic hazards, earthquake hazards and mass movement hazards (see guidance above)
- For each geophysical hazard type, the case studies should develop knowledge and understanding of:
- geophysical hazard event profiles, including any secondary hazards
- varied impacts of these hazards on different aspects of human well-being
- why levels of vulnerability varied both between and within communities, including spatial variations in hazard perception, personal knowledge and preparedness
A Case Study Investigation Structure for my Notes…
Starter: Read the below slide image and access the links in the second slide to make some background notes to the Chamonix valley avalanche case study…
Mechanisms of plate movement…
Syllabus Point: To know the Mechanisms of plate movement including internal heating, convection currents, plumes, subduction and rifting at plate margins
Starter: Task 1: Recap – draw four quick sketches of the types of plate boundary movement that you learnt for IGCSE…add some labels too to support your sketches…
Main Development:
Pgs. 164-165 will help you as will the youtube link below…
You are to work independently on creating a profile for each of the key mechanisms of plate movement…
Internal heating…
- Define the mechanism
- Draw a labelled diagram of its process
- Provide an example in the world
Convection Currents…
- Define the mechanism
- Draw a labelled diagram of its process
- Provide an example in the world
Plumes…
- Define the mechanism
- Draw a labelled diagram of its process
- Provide an example in the world
Subduction…
- Define the mechanism
- Draw a labelled diagram of its process
- Provide an example in the world
Rifting at Plate Margins…
- Define the mechanism
- Draw a labelled diagram of its process
- Provide an example in the world
